L-ascorbic acid has a property known to all biochemists for over 50 years: it oxidizes on contact with air, light, and heat. In a matter of hours.
When you apply your serum at 7 AM, the bottle has just been opened in your bathroom at 22 degrees Celsius. You spread the molecule on your face, which is at 32 degrees Celsius, in daylight, in the open air.
After an hour or two, what remains on your skin is no longer active vitamin C. It's an oxidized derivative which, ironically, can even contribute to increasing your skin's oxidative stress instead of reducing it.
For this molecule, under these conditions, it is mathematically impossible for it to cross the skin barrier intact.
This is the first invisible trap of conventional serums.